Definition

The os is something hard, rigid and highly mineralized (calcified) naturally entering the composition of the skeleton of the human body, and vertebrates (animals with vertebrae: the more advanced animals). It is composed of spongy tissue covered on its outskirts of compact tissue as a pipe or a sheath. Bone is support for parts of the body between them.The grouping of these bone pieces is the skeleton.

Anatomy

On the surface of the bone there is the presence of projections called processes, hollows, cavities and éminences.The growth of bones that present, to their surface, a large number of holes (passages) corresponding to the vessels that feed on bone itself said, is provided by cartilage of conjugation which is located between the diaphysis and the epiphysis with regard to the length of the bone and, in thickness from the underside of the periosteum that is peripheral bone hard. The periosteum, which is this conjunctive membrane in the adult as in children, allows the bone growth in thickness and the other in the event of fracture callus manufacturing. The bone callus is bone formation which welded the two parties of a fractured bone. The term vicious cal, he refers to the mode of binding of these two parties in a bad position. Connective tissue (qu ijoint organic parties) serves as a liaison and support between the different tissues and organs. It is composed of conjunctival cells conjunctive fibers and elastic fibers. The periosteum is cortical bone also called compact bone. More to the centre of the bone is less dense, it’s spongy bone also called trabecular bone. It is the trabecular bone that contains red bone marrow. Bone growth occurs through a cartilaginous draft or appear ossification points.

Physiology

Bone provides several functions:

• Support

The human skeleton consists of 206 bones which

• 80 bone parts fall under the constitution of the axial skeleton (spine)
• 104 bone parts make up the appendicular skeleton
• 22 bone parts make up the skull

The skeleton consists of several categories of bone:

• The long bones which are themselves composed of a body (the shaft) and swollen ends (epiphyseal ankylosis). Long bones are the tibia, femur, fibula, humerus, radius and ulna. The two ends of long bones, epiphyseal ankylosis are coated cartilage and constitute the joint surfaces. Between the diaphysis and the epiphysis the diameter of the bone is growing slowly and is also called the métaphysie transition zone.
• Flat bones such as the length and width are more important than the thickness. Flat bones are the skull, ribs, shoulder blades, the sternum. Flat bones are two faces and edges.
• Short bones of about equal size. Short bones are bones of the Carpus (wrist) of Tarsus (foot) vertebrae.

The fundamental bone substance (actual bone fibres) structure lamellar (small fine bone blades overlay) consists of various proteins including Ossein is a proteinaceous substance. It permeates mineral salts (calcium salts, predominantly, but also of phosphorus in smaller quantities). Bone continuously renews itself. This various hormones are involved, it is the parathyroid hormone and calcitonin among others. Vitamins (mainly vitamin D) are involved in bone metabolism (operation).Macroscopic examination (has a low magnification) bone allows to highlight a system of bone slats arranged in Havers systems. This system is focused by the Havers. canal at a higher magnification (powerful optical microscope) it is possible to highlight the presence of bone cells within the bone substance, comprising of osteocytes and precursors osteoblasts on the canal. Another variety of bone cells is present in the tissue is osteoclasts which have the ability to destroy the bone. At the centre of the actual bone, bone marrow appears and comes in three aspects:

• The Red marrow with hematopoietic properties (with the ability to produce the precursors to red, white blood cells and platelets). This variety of marrow is particularly abundant in flat bones.
• The yellow marrow essentially made up of cells rich in lipids (FAT).
• The spinal grey completely idle because incorporated only fat.

The term énostose (from the Greek in: in etostéon: os, in English enostosis) and also known as endostose corresponds to the production of bone (bone productions), often consisting of compact tissue from fill in part the Medullary canal of a bone. The Medullary canal of bone being the centre of it.The term énostose osteogenic corresponds to hyperactivity that is exaggerated activity of matrimonial cartilage, in some places, in the child. This process could explain automation deformations of such members that coxa vara among others.

Medical technique

The term rugine is derived from the low latin rugo, rugina and latin classical runcina: plane. It refers to the instrument with a metal blade edges are sharp and which is used in surgery to scrape the os. More specifically the rugine to take off the periosteum (peripheral part of the os). The rugination is the action of ruginer that is to scrape a bone with a rugine. There are a variety of rugine called rugine-costotome used when the surgeon cuts a coast among others. Curved rugines are surgical instruments adapted to the shape of certain bones.